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Sunday, October 21, 2018
Wednesday, October 17, 2018
9. AUXILIARY.
Auxiliary, in grammar, a helping element, typically a verb, that adds meaning to the basic meaning of the main verb in a clause. Auxiliaries can convey information about tense, mood, person, and number. An auxiliary verb occurs with a main verb that is in the form of an infinitive or a participle.
English has a rich system of auxiliaries. English auxiliary verbs include the modal verbs, which may express such notions as possibility (“may,” “might,” “can,” “could”) or necessity (“must”). In “Sam should write to his mother,” the modal verb “should” adds the sense of obligation to the main verb “write.” Other English auxiliaries are “will” and “shall,” which often indicate futurity, among other meanings, and “would,” which usually indicates desire or intent. Auxiliaries also help form the passive voice.
Some auxiliary verbs condition an associated change in or addition to the main verb, such as the English expanded form in “Mary is washing her hair now,” in which the auxiliary verb “is” occurs with the present participle “washing.” Another example is the French past indefinite form, as in il a donné and its English equivalent “he has given,” in which there is not only an auxiliary verb (French avoir, English “have”) but also a change of the main verb to the past participle.
8. THE CONNECTORS.
Connectors’ are used to link large groups of words: phrases and sentences. You can also use them to connect paragraphs to give them coherence. Sentence connectors are usually placed at the beginning of a sentence and may be categorized as follows.
Contrast
. In spite of / Despite Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase.
. Although / (Even) though Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a sentence.
. However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary / In contrast. Introduce a new idea which marks a contrast with previously stated ideas. Introduced by a comma.
. On the one hand ... On the other hand. Links two contrasting ideas / paragraphs.
. In contrast to / Contrary to. Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase.
. Whereas Link two contrasting ideas. Not separated by commas.
Reason and cause
. Because / As / Since / Seeing that Introduce a sentence. Subordinate sentences introduced by because always appear in final position.
. Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to. Introduce a noun phrase.
Purpose
. In order to / So as to Introduce an infinitive of purpose.
. In order that / So that Introduce a sentence.
Consequence
. Consequently / As a consequence / As a result / Therefore
. As a consequence of / As a result of Followed by a noun phrase.
. So Introduces a sentence. No commas.
Addition
. Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What's more Used after a strong pause and separated from the sentences. They are introduced by a comma.
. As well as / In addition to / Besides Used to add one more piece of information. Followed by a noun phrase.
. Exemplification
For example / For instance Introduces an example referring to previously stated ideas.
. Such as Introduces an example referring to the last idea.
7. THE PREPOSITIONS.
A preposition is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with. Prepositions are usually used in front of nouns or pronouns and they show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and other words in a describe, for example:
- the position of something:
Her bag was under the chair.
The dog crawled between us and lay down at our feet.
His flat was over the shop.
- the time when something happens:
They arrived on Sunday.
The class starts at 9 a.m.
Shortly after their marriage they moved to Colorado.
- the way in which something is done:
We went by train.
They stared at each otherwithout speaking.
Some prepositions are made up of more than one word, for example:
They moved here because ofthe baby.
We sat next to each other.
The hotel is perched on top of a cliff.
6. THE ADVERB.
The adverb is a part of the sentence whose main function is to modify or complement the meaning of the verb, the adjective or another adverb.
The teacher speaks slowly / The teacher speaks slowly
Adverbs explain how an action occurs. 'slowly' (slowly) indicates the way in which the teacher speaks. It is therefore an adverb of mode. As we will see, there are many more kinds of adverbs.
CLASSES OF ADVERBS
- So (adverbs of manner)
They express how an action is performed. Most usually end in -ly (equivalent to the Spanish adverbial ending 'mind' and therefore usually form from the corresponding adjective to which that ending is added ..
careful - carefully (carefully), easy - easily (easily), etc.
although there are exceptions,
well (good), aloud (loud), etc.
- From place.
They indicate the place where an action is performed.
around, far, near , there , here , etc.
- Of time (adverbs of time)
They indicate when an action takes place.
again, at first, before , soon, late, etc.
- Frequency (adverbs of frequency)
Indicate how often an action is performed.
always, frequently , never , sometimes , etc.
- Of quantity.
Express the amount of something.
little, much , very , too, etc.
- Interrogative adverbs
They are used to ask questions.
when? , Where? , Why? , How?, Etc.
- Relatives (relative adverbs)
when , where, why
- Ordinals.
firstly, secondly , etc.
- Of degree or intensity.
They indicate the intensity with which the action is performed.
completely , extremely, greatly , etc.
- Probability.
maybe , perhaps , possibly , probably , etc.
- Affirmation.
certainly , naturally , of course, surely, etc.
- Denial (adverbs of negation)
no, not , never, not at all.
The teacher speaks slowly / The teacher speaks slowly
Adverbs explain how an action occurs. 'slowly' (slowly) indicates the way in which the teacher speaks. It is therefore an adverb of mode. As we will see, there are many more kinds of adverbs.
CLASSES OF ADVERBS
- So (adverbs of manner)
They express how an action is performed. Most usually end in -ly (equivalent to the Spanish adverbial ending 'mind' and therefore usually form from the corresponding adjective to which that ending is added ..
careful - carefully (carefully), easy - easily (easily), etc.
although there are exceptions,
well (good), aloud (loud), etc.
- From place.
They indicate the place where an action is performed.
around, far, near , there , here , etc.
- Of time (adverbs of time)
They indicate when an action takes place.
again, at first, before , soon, late, etc.
- Frequency (adverbs of frequency)
Indicate how often an action is performed.
always, frequently , never , sometimes , etc.
- Of quantity.
Express the amount of something.
little, much , very , too, etc.
- Interrogative adverbs
They are used to ask questions.
when? , Where? , Why? , How?, Etc.
- Relatives (relative adverbs)
when , where, why
- Ordinals.
firstly, secondly , etc.
- Of degree or intensity.
They indicate the intensity with which the action is performed.
completely , extremely, greatly , etc.
- Probability.
maybe , perhaps , possibly , probably , etc.
- Affirmation.
certainly , naturally , of course, surely, etc.
- Denial (adverbs of negation)
no, not , never, not at all.
5. THE VERB.
Verbs are words that indicate actions, existence (being / being), possession (having) or mood.
In English, we use the preposition "to" to form the infinitive, for example: "to talk", "to eat", "to change", etc.
Verbs are the most complicated part of the sentence. There are many types of verbs. The verb can indicate the main action (the main verb). An auxiliary verb adds detail to the action or helps the main verb (they are also called "complementary verbs"). Modal verbs add modality (possibility, capacity, permission, prohibition, obligation, etc.). Transitive verbs connect a subject with an object. Other verbs need only one subject (intransitive verbs). There are verbs that are composed of more than one word (prepositional verbs and phrasal verbs). Verbs can be active or passive. For now and at this level, we will concentrate on the uses of the main and auxiliary verbs.
In addition to the many types and uses of verbs, we need to conjugate verbs. The conjugation of verbs depends on the subject and time. In the following lessons and levels, there are explanations for the conjugations of time. At this level, we are only going to study the present tenses simple and present continuous of the verbs.
Some of the most common verbs in English:
to be
to have
to make
to take
to get
to go
to eat
to leave
to know
to like
to want
to feel
to begin, start
to end, finish
to stay
to change
to wait
to put
to be able
to think
to believe
to hope, wish
to look
to see
to hear
to call (US) / to ring (UK)
to read
to write
to listen
to eat
to drink
to learn
to teach
Auxiliary Verbs
There are three important verbs in English that can be used as main verbs or auxiliary verbs: "to be", "to have" and "to do". Depending on the use, the meaning changes but the conjugation is always the same.
To be
As in Spanish, this verb is very important and we use it a lot. At the same time, it is an irregular verb at all times. In addition, the construction of negative and interrogative sentences is different from how we construct those of the other verbs, as we will see in the lesson of constructing sentences. Also, we use this verb to build the continuous present, as we will see later. Therefore, it is important to understand the conjugation of this verb well.
Present simple subject
Yo soy
you, we, they are
he, she, it is
To have
This verb means "to have" when we use it as a main verb and it means "to have" when it is used as an auxiliary verb. We will learn more about the use of the verb "to have" as an auxiliary in the lesson on present perfect. For now it is important to keep in mind that this verb can be used in both situations and is an irregular verb.
Present simple subject
I, you, we, they have
he, she, it has
All
This verb means "to do" when we use it as the main verb. There is no direct translation in Spanish for this verb when it is used as an auxiliary verb. This auxiliary verb is also necessary to construct the negative and interrogative sentences. It can also be used in affirmative phrases for emphasis.
Present simple subject
I, you, we, they do
he, she, it does.
In English, we use the preposition "to" to form the infinitive, for example: "to talk", "to eat", "to change", etc.
Verbs are the most complicated part of the sentence. There are many types of verbs. The verb can indicate the main action (the main verb). An auxiliary verb adds detail to the action or helps the main verb (they are also called "complementary verbs"). Modal verbs add modality (possibility, capacity, permission, prohibition, obligation, etc.). Transitive verbs connect a subject with an object. Other verbs need only one subject (intransitive verbs). There are verbs that are composed of more than one word (prepositional verbs and phrasal verbs). Verbs can be active or passive. For now and at this level, we will concentrate on the uses of the main and auxiliary verbs.
In addition to the many types and uses of verbs, we need to conjugate verbs. The conjugation of verbs depends on the subject and time. In the following lessons and levels, there are explanations for the conjugations of time. At this level, we are only going to study the present tenses simple and present continuous of the verbs.
Some of the most common verbs in English:
to be
to have
to make
to take
to get
to go
to eat
to leave
to know
to like
to want
to feel
to begin, start
to end, finish
to stay
to change
to wait
to put
to be able
to think
to believe
to hope, wish
to look
to see
to hear
to call (US) / to ring (UK)
to read
to write
to listen
to eat
to drink
to learn
to teach
Auxiliary Verbs
There are three important verbs in English that can be used as main verbs or auxiliary verbs: "to be", "to have" and "to do". Depending on the use, the meaning changes but the conjugation is always the same.
To be
As in Spanish, this verb is very important and we use it a lot. At the same time, it is an irregular verb at all times. In addition, the construction of negative and interrogative sentences is different from how we construct those of the other verbs, as we will see in the lesson of constructing sentences. Also, we use this verb to build the continuous present, as we will see later. Therefore, it is important to understand the conjugation of this verb well.
Present simple subject
Yo soy
you, we, they are
he, she, it is
To have
This verb means "to have" when we use it as a main verb and it means "to have" when it is used as an auxiliary verb. We will learn more about the use of the verb "to have" as an auxiliary in the lesson on present perfect. For now it is important to keep in mind that this verb can be used in both situations and is an irregular verb.
Present simple subject
I, you, we, they have
he, she, it has
All
This verb means "to do" when we use it as the main verb. There is no direct translation in Spanish for this verb when it is used as an auxiliary verb. This auxiliary verb is also necessary to construct the negative and interrogative sentences. It can also be used in affirmative phrases for emphasis.
Present simple subject
I, you, we, they do
he, she, it does.
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